Dispute and fraud card monitoring programs

As part of your financial obligations to the card networks, you must keep disputes (also called chargebacks) and fraud at acceptable levels. If they exceed the thresholds dictated by a network (for example, Visa or Mastercard), the network places you into one of their monitoring programs. As part of a program, you can incur monthly fines and additional fees until you reduce your dispute or fraud levels in a sustained way.

Stripe can work with you on a remediation plan to reduce the levels of disputes or fraud related to your account. We also communicate directly with the networks and relay information on a monthly basis. Download our remediation template to get started.

While monitoring programs are comparatively rare, take them seriously. If you’re placed into one, you must take immediate action to address the situation. Failure to comply with the requirements of a program within the specified time period can result in the network refusing to process further payments to you. This can put your ability to accept any credit card payments at risk.

Understanding disputes and chargebacks

For the purposes of monitoring programs, a dispute or chargeback occurs when funds move out of an account due to a disputed payment, regardless of the reason. The terms “dispute” and “chargeback” are interchangeable. The Visa monitoring program refers to disputes, while the Mastercard and AusPayNet monitoring programs refer to chargebacks.

Monitoring programs don’t consider refunds when identifying disputes. In some cases, if you issued a full refund at least 10 days before a dispute, we can ask to have the dispute removed from the account. The issuer might have missed the refund and raised the dispute by mistake, but that rarely happens.

Similarly, monitoring programs don’t consider dispute outcomes. If they did, they’d have to wait for the outcome of every dispute, which can take months, before including it in their calculations. They’re also more interested in how successfully you prevent disputes than in whether you win them.

Some disputes where you have no liability don’t appear in your Dashboard or API responses because Stripe handles them on your behalf. They don’t count toward your Stripe dispute or fraud rates, and we don’t charge you for them. However, monitoring programs still include them in their calculations. That can create a discrepancy between your data and the dispute rates that the networks calculate for you, especially if you issue a lot of refunds. For example:

• You refunded the payment before the customer submitted the dispute.
• The dispute duplicates a previously resolved dispute.
• The card network created or processed the dispute in error.

In some cases, the data reported to Stripe by the card networks doesn’t match the data visible in your Dashboard. It can happen because of discrepancies or formatting issues in your statement descriptors, having multiple Merchant IDs (MIDs), or double-counted charges. If Stripe updates your MID during a month, it can affect your Mastercard data. If you think a card network made a calculation error, contact Stripe support.

The following scenarios don’t count as disputes:

• Unescalated inquiries, where a card issuer begins an investigation but never returns the disputed payment.
• Early fraud warnings (EFWs), which are informational messages from card network reports about suspected fraud. Although they don’t count as disputes, they do count as fraud, regardless of their outcome, and Visa’s VFMP program includes them in its calculations.
• Non-disputed funds that move through a card network’s dispute system. Such movement can occur as part of Visa’s Rapid Dispute Resolution program.

Monitoring program calendars

Visa and Mastercard monitoring programs track activity by month, while the AusPayNet monitoring program tracks activity by quarter.

Visa and Mastercard programs calculate monthly rates differently. Visa calculates the ratio of disputes or fraud to the total number of payments in the same calendar month. Mastercard calculates the ratio of disputes or fraud to the total number of payments in the previous month. Both networks assign a dispute or fraud report to the month in which they received it, regardless of when the original payment occurred.

Visa and Mastercard monitoring programs use specific nomenclature to refer to their monthly rate calculations:

A “data month” is the month in which a network receives a dispute or fraud report. Mastercard refers to two different data months, one for disputes and the other for sales.

A “report month,” “reporting month,” or “identification month” is the month in which a program identifies a business based on its data meeting a threshold. It’s usually the month after the data month containing that data.

Estimate your dispute or fraud rate

If you have Stripe Sigma or Data Pipeline, you can use it to track your estimated dispute or fraud rate for a given monitoring program. We offer a guide to help you implement a continuous fraud management process using those tools.

If you don’t have either of those products, you can manually estimate your dispute rate. Export your Visa or Mastercard disputes from the Payments tab in your Dashboard and compare them to your payments according to a program’s formula. Networks count payments by their capture date and disputes by their creation date. For accounts outside the US, count payments and disputes for a calendar month. For accounts in the US, there’s a delay between receiving disputes from our financial partner and reporting them to the card network. To account for that delay, count payments for a calendar month, and count disputes from the 5th of that month to the 5th of the following month.

You can also track EFWs using the Early Fraud Warnings API. In addition, when we receive a fraud report for a payment that hasn’t already been disputed or refunded, we send a notification to the primary email on your account.

Visa monitoring programs

Visa evaluates your activity monthly against the thresholds established in their monitoring programs. If Visa places you in a program, Stripe notifies you. You have 12 months to meet the thresholds, or Visa can restrict your ability to accept Visa payments.

Regional considerations

Except for VFMP 3DS, which applies to US businesses only, Visa enforces its monitoring programs on all businesses in all Stripe supported countries.

For users in the US, Europe, Canada, Australia, and Brazil, both domestic and cross-border activity count toward monthly totals. For users outside of those regions, only cross-border activity is counted.

Visa places individual accounts in its programs, but identifies an account by the static component of its statement descriptor and its acquiring bank. Because banks often vary by country or region, one Stripe business might represent multiple monitored accounts to Visa.

• A Stripe business that uses one statement descriptor in Canada and a second statement descriptor in both Canada and the US qualifies as three accounts to Visa: one for each descriptor in each country.
• A Stripe business that uses the same statement descriptor in Ireland, France, and Germany results in only one account because Visa aggregates its EU volume.
• A Stripe business with multiple statement descriptors represents that many Visa accounts. To aggregate the dispute and fraud rates:
  • Give each descriptor the same static prefix.
  • If updating existing statement descriptors, ask Stripe to contact Visa and request that they aggregate your transactions.
  • Make the change at the end of a month so it doesn’t affect the rate calculations for that month.

VAMP: Visa Acquirer Monitoring Program Effective April 1, 2025

The VAMP program identifies merchants based on:

• VAMP Ratio: (fraud + non-fraud disputes) / total transactions
  • Fraud is defined as early fraud warning (EFW) data sourced from Visa’s TC40 reporting
  • Minimum of 1,000 monthly combined fraud and non-fraud disputes
• VAMP Enumeration Ratio: Monthly enumerated transactions / total transactions
  • Measures card testing activity
  • Minimum of 300,000 enumerated transactions identified

Stripe notifies you if your ratios place you at risk for enrollment. You can avoid enrollment by reducing your fraud at this time.

VAMP only enrolls accounts it classifies as Excessive when their counts and rates exceed the following thresholds. After the metric falls below the threshold, VAMP releases the account from the program.

Enrollment in VAMP might lead to fines. We notify you if fines apply.

VFMP 3DS: Visa Fraud Monitoring Program-3DS (US-only)

VFMP-3DS applies only to US-based users with US-based custom accounts and an excessive level of fraud on domestic Visa 3D-Secure-authenticated (3DS) transactions on US-issued cards.

Visa calculates the fraud level using early fraud warning (EFW) data sourced from their TC40 reporting. Users are placed into this program if they meet or exceed the monthly thresholds for both of the following criteria:

• The total USD volume of EFWs for Visa 3DS-authenticated payments (Fraud Volume)
• The ratio of the USD volume of EFWs for Visa 3DS-authenticated payments to the USD volume of all captured Visa 3DS-authenticated payments (Fraud Rate)

An EFW belongs to the month in which the TC40 was reported, not the month when the reported payment was captured. For example, calculations for February include 3DS-authenticated payments captured in February and EFWs reported in February for 3DS-authenticated payments, even if the potentially fraudulent payments were captured in January. The February calculations don’t consider any payments captured in January.

Retiring Visa programs Deprecated as of March 31, 2025

The following guidance relates to the disputes and fraud monitoring programs Visa enforces until VAMP becomes effective.

Early warning notifications

You might receive an early warning notification from Visa if you’re at risk for being placed in one of its programs. Such notifications give you an opportunity to preemptively reduce the level of fraud on your account. Early warning notifications might not occur for accounts that reach a program’s standard or excessive threshold immediately after meeting its early warning threshold.

Remediation

Visa removes you from a program when your level of disputes or fraud drops below the standard threshold for 3 consecutive months, even if you’re at the excessive level. If you reach a program’s excessive threshold, excessive penalties apply until you exit the program entirely. Dropping below the excessive threshold doesn’t reduce your penalties to the standard level.

Monitoring your dispute and fraud levels accurately is important. For example, Visa counts disputes regardless of whether the dispute was hidden due to a refund, regardless of liability shift, and regardless of whether you won the dispute.

As part of the remediation process, Stripe can require you to provide details on the steps you’re taking and your timeline for implementing them.

VDMP: Visa Dispute Monitoring Program

VDMP applies to users with an unusually high level of disputed payments on their account. Users are placed into this program if they meet or exceed the monthly thresholds for both of the following criteria:

• The total number of payment disputes (dispute count)
• The ratio of disputed payments to all captured payments (dispute rate)

A payment dispute belongs to the month in which it’s raised, not the month when the original payment was captured. For example, calculations for February include payments captured in February and disputes raised in February, even if the payments being disputed were captured in January. The February calculations don’t consider any payments captured in January.

VFMP: Visa Fraud Monitoring Program

VFMP applies to users with an excessive level of fraud on their account, which Visa calculates using early fraud warning (EFW) data sourced from their TC40 reporting. Users are placed into this program if they meet or exceed the monthly thresholds for both of the following criteria:

• The total USD volume of EFWs (Fraud Volume)
• The ratio of the USD volume of EFWs to the USD volume of all captured payments (Fraud Rate)

An EFW belongs to the month in which the TC40 was reported, not the month when the reported payment was captured. For example, calculations for February include payments captured in February and EFWs reported in February, even if the potentially fraudulent payments were captured in January. The February calculations don’t consider any payments captured in January.

VFMP: Visa Fraud Monitoring Program (digital goods merchants)

The VFMP for digital goods merchants applies to small ticket and digital goods merchants with excessive levels of fraud on their account. Visa calculates the fraud level using early fraud warning (EFW) data sourced from their TC40 reporting. The VFMP for digital goods merchants applies to businesses with the following MCCs:

• 5735 — Record Stores
• 5815 — Digital Goods Media — Books, Movies, Digital artwork/images, Music
• 5816 — Digital Goods — Games
• 5817 — Digital Goods — Applications (Excludes Games)
• 5818 — Digital Goods — Large Digital Goods Merchant

Users are placed into this program if they meet or exceed the monthly thresholds for all of the following criteria:

• The total USD volume of EFWs for relevant payments (Fraud volume)
• The total count of EFWs for relevant payments (Fraud count)
• The ratio of the USD volume of EFWs for relevant payments to the USD volume of all captured relevant payments (Fraud Rate)

An EFW belongs to the month in which the TC40 was reported, not the month when the reported payment was captured. For example, calculations for February include relevant payments captured in February and EFWs reported in February for relevant payments, even if the potentially fraudulent payments were captured in January. The February calculations don’t consider any payments captured in January.

Mastercard monitoring programs

Mastercard’s Excessive Chargeback Program (ECP) consists of two levels: Excessive Chargeback Merchant (ECM) and High Excessive Chargeback Merchant (HECM), and it applies to users in all supported countries. The Excessive Fraud Merchant (EFM) Compliance Program is a separate program that applies to users in all supported countries besides Germany, India, and Switzerland.

If your account exceeds program thresholds, Mastercard places you into that program and Stripe notifies you. If you exceed both EFM and ECP thresholds, you’re placed in EFM but not ECP. However, Mastercard tracks both thresholds. For example, you exceed EFM and ECP thresholds in March and April, but exceed only ECP thresholds in May. In April, you’re placed in month 2 of EFM and fined accordingly. In May, you’re placed in month 3 of ECP despite the EFM identifications taking precedence in prior months.

Remediation

Mastercard removes you from a program when your chargebacks drop below the program threshold for 3 consecutive months. If you’re in HECM, and your chargebacks drop below the HECM threshold but still meet the ECM threshold, you move to the ECM level.

Monitoring your chargeback and fraud levels accurately is important. For example, Mastercard counts a chargeback regardless of whether it was hidden due to a refund, regardless of liability shift, and regardless of its outcome.

As part of the remediation process, Stripe can require you to provide details on the steps you’re taking and your timeline for implementing them.

ECP: Mastercard Excessive Chargeback Program

Users are placed into ECP if they meet or exceed the monthly thresholds for both of the following criteria:

• The total number of payment chargebacks (chargeback count)
• The ratio of the chargeback count for the current month to the total number of captured payments from the preceding month (chargeback rate)

A payment chargeback belongs to the month in which it’s raised, not the month when the original payment was captured. For example, calculations for February use payments captured in January and chargebacks raised in February, including chargebacks for payments captured in February.

ECM: Mastercard Excessive Chargeback Merchant

Issuer recovery assessment applies an additional 5 USD per chargeback fee for each chargeback over 300 chargebacks. For example, a merchant identified in month 4 of ECM with 400 disputes is assessed a 5,500 USD fine (5,000 USD + (400-300) x 5 USD).

HECM: Mastercard High Excessive Chargeback Merchant

Mastercard communicates total fine amounts to merchants through Stripe.

EFM: Mastercard Excessive Fraud Merchant Compliance Program

Users are placed into EFM if they meet or exceed the monthly thresholds for all of the following criteria:

• Number of e-commerce Mastercard payments
• The total USD volume of fraud-related chargebacks (net fraud volume) with dispute reason code 4837 or 4863
• The ratio of the number of fraud-related chargebacks in the current month to the number of e-commerce transactions in the preceding month (fraud chargeback rate)
• The percentage of Mastercard payments that use 3-D Secure (3DS)

The fraud chargeback rate uses a similar calculation to the chargeback rate for ECP, but it considers only fraud-related chargebacks.

EFM applies to users who meet all of the following conditions:

• Minimum of 1,000 e-commerce Mastercard payments
• Net fraud volume is greater than 50,000 USD (15,000 USD for Australia)
• Fraud chargeback rate is greater than 0.50% (0.20% for Australia)
• Total 3DS Mastercard payment count is less than or equal to:
  • 10% of total Mastercard payment count (non-regulated countries)
  • 50% of total Mastercard payment count (regulated countries)

You can request that Mastercard suspend an assessed fine one time during an open case. However, only do so if you’re confident that you’ll be below the threshold to exit the program for the next 3 months. If you request a suspension of fines and fall below the threshold for 2 months, but exceed it in the following month, fine assessments continue until you exit the program.

AusPayNet monitoring programs

The AusPayNet (APN) Card-Not-Present (CNP) fraud mitigation program is designed to reduce CNP payments fraud within the Australian payment industry (AU-based users and cardholders only). Where user fraud rates exceed certain defined thresholds for two consecutive quarters, the APN reserves the option to mandate Strong Customer Authentication (SCA) for all transactions. Stripe notifies you if your account exceeds program thresholds for the preceding quarter.

FMP: APN Fraud Monitoring Program

Users who meet or exceed both the following criteria thresholds are placed into FMP:

• Fraud chargeback amount: Total value (in AUD) of fraudulent chargebacks received in the quarter is greater than 50,000 AUD.
• Fraud-to-sales ratio: The ratio of fraud chargeback amount to sales value in the quarter is greater than or equal to 0.20%

When your CNP transactions fall below the threshold criteria for FMP for one quarter, APN releases you from the FMP and SCA obligations.

SCA: Strong Customer Authentication

SCA is an authentication method in which you verify cardholder’s identity using at least two of the following factors:

• Knowledge factor: something only the cardholder knows, for example a password
• Possession factor: something only the cardholder possess, for example a mobile phone
• Inherence factor: something the cardholder is, for example fingerprint or facial recognition

SCA exemptions

APN exempts the following types of transactions from the SCA requirement:

• Recurring transactions: Series of repeated transactions with SCA applied on the first charge of the recurring series
• Trusted customer transactions: Transactions where you have previously identified/authenticated the cardholder and the cardholder uses the same card on file with matching identifiers
• Wallet transactions: Digital or mobile wallet transactions where the cardholder identity has been verified and each subsequent transaction is authorized by the cardholder using biometrics or a passcode

Best practices for preventing fraud and disputes

Following these guidelines can help you avoid being placed into card network monitoring programs.

Prevent identifiable fraud

Consider using separate authorization and capture in combination with review rules. Issuers are required to report possible fraud for a captured payment, even if it gets refunded, but aren’t required to report it for a payment authorization. If you identify and reverse a fraudulent or suspicious payment authorization before it’s captured, it isn’t reported.

Prevent disputes for canceled subscriptions

• Offer a quick and easy way to cancel. An in-app cancellation button is often the best solution, because it doesn’t require the cardholder to wait to confirm their refund.
• Clearly communicate billing terms up front prior to accepting cardholder information.
• Require the cardholder to click a button that confirms their agreement to the billing terms.
• If offering a free or discounted trial, send a reminder before it expires allowing the cardholder an opportunity to cancel.
• Implement a flexible refund or return policy. For example, if a user cancels the day after being billed, offer a full or prorated refund.
• Send billing reminders, especially if on a yearly subscription. Typically 7 days before a yearly renewal and 2 to 3 days before a monthly renewal.
• Third party solutions, such as Ethoca and Verifi. These companies work with certain issuers so that an alert is raised when a chargeback is about to be initiated, allowing the user an opportunity to refund.

Prevent disputes for unreceived products

• Clearly communicate shipping times prior to checkout.
• Clearly and quickly communicate any shipping delays and offer an option for the cardholder to receive a refund if they don’t want to wait.
• Ship items quickly and provide the cardholder with a tracking number when the item has been shipped.
• For higher value goods, require a signature upon delivery to prevent missing packages or potential “friendly fraud.”
• Make sure items are well stocked and either indicate when an item is backordered or remove it from the site.

Prevent disputes for unacceptable products

• Implement a flexible refund policy and issue them under reasonable circumstances.
• Clearly describe the items being sold and display accurate images when possible.
• Reevaluate any products which tend to see higher dispute rates for these reasons. It’s possible the items could be defective.
• Clearly display the full price of the item, including any taxes, and make sure to present it to the cardholder before accepting their payment information.

Prevent friendly fraud disputes

A friendly fraud dispute occurs when a customer disputes a legitimate charge that they believe to be fraudulent. The best way to prevent such disputes is to collect as much information as possible when capturing a payment. For example, clearly communicate billing terms and shipping times, require the cardholder to agree to the terms of service, ship only to verified addresses, or require a signature upon delivery.

Prevent other types of disputes

Less common disputes, such as general or duplicate, can indicate things like an unrecognized statement descriptor or a confusing billing statement. Normally, such disputes make up a small percentage of the total. However, if you find any of them to be very common, it could indicate some other issue at the root of the problem. For example, a large number of general disputes can result from poorly designed receipts that make customers question the amounts they were charged.